As a business, non-profit or association manager, why continue a public relations effort that doesn't deliver the key external audience behaviors you need to achieve your department, division or subsidiary objectives? Time for a change. One that will base your PR effort on a fundamental premise that makes sense. And one that actually leads to outside audience behaviors like these: new proposals for joint ventures or strategic alliances, prospective buyers browsing your services or products, specifying sources or major donors thinking about you, more frequent repeat purchases or a substantial boost in capital donations. So, you need two things. One, a really personal involvement with the public relations people assigned to your department, division or subsidiary. And two, a new foundation for your PR effort. A foundation like this: People act on their own perception of the facts before them, which leads to predictable behaviors about which something can be done.

When we create, change or reinforce that opinion by reaching, persuading and moving-to-desired-action the very people whose behaviors affect the organization the most, the public relations mission is accomplished. It will give you a blueprint that will help you Custom Gear Powder Metal Parts for sale persuade your key stakeholders to your way of thinking. In turn, that should move them to take actions that lead to your success as a business, non-profit or association manager. First and foremost, you need to know how members of your most important external audiences perceive you because those perceptions usually lead to behaviors that can hurt you or help you in achieving your objectives. So, you and your PR team must list those outside audiences whose behaviors affect your unit the most. Then put them in priority order. We'll use #1 on your list as our target in this article. Now, you can spend some real money on professional survey counsel, or you and your PR team can do it yourself by interacting with your target audience. Use questions like these to identify opinion, perception problems. "What do you know about our organization? Have you had any kind of contact with us? Was it satis- factory? Do you like our products or services?" Listen carefully to the responses you receive. Stay alert for evasive or hesitant answers, and be watchful for negativity - especially inaccuracies, exaggerations, misconceptions or rumor. These answers are your red meat, the input you need to create the public relations goal. For example, clear up a misconception, kill that rumor once and for all, or fix that inaccuracy. Each of which can lead to target audience behaviors you won't like one little bit. Reaching that goal is another story.

You need a strategy to do it and you have just three choices as you deal with your opinion/perception challenge: create perception where there may be none, change existing opinion, or reinforce it. But take care when you identify your strategy that it compliments your goal. The heavy lifting in your public relations problem solving sequence will be done by the message you prepare designed to correct the negative perception you identified during your perception monitoring session. You must be very clear about the offending perception, particularly why it is untrue. Remember that you want to change what people believe and, thus, their behaviors so that you can achieve your unit's objectives. Which is why the message must be both believable and compelling. Getting the message from your organization to the attention of members of your target audience is your next challenge. Luckily, there is a long list of communications tactics standing ready to help you do just that. They range from media interviews, personal meetings and speeches to press releases, newsletters, facility tours and many more.

But check carefully that the tactics you employ have a proven record of reaching people similar to those who make up your target audience. Inevitably, questions will be asked as to whether all this smoke and flame is producing any results. A question that can only be answered back out in the field interacting once again with members of your key outside audience. While you'll be using the same questions used during your first opinion monitoring drill, this time you're looking for indications that the hurtful perceptions are actually changing, as will the inevitable follow on behaviors. Incidentally, you can always put the pedal to the metal with additional communications tactics, as well as using them more frequently. What you have, finally, is the blueprint you need to help persuade your most important stakeholders to take actions that lead to your success as a business, a non-profit or an association manager. And your cost was "bagging" a PR effort that simply couldn't deliver the key external audience behaviors you need to achieve your unit objectives.

Infrared is just below visible light that our eyes see. Ultraviolet light, on the other hand, is the spectrum just above our perception. All surfaces emit and reflect infrared waves through the air. These waves travel through the lens of the camera which focuses them onto a sensory array called a microbolometer. The wave strength is measured by the sensory array and converted by a signal processor to a visible light value. Grayscale signals from all the pixels are converted to a TV signal forming a composite image. THERMAL IMAGING - the IR camera shows us surface radiation or temperature patterns. It does not see inside walls, that would be an x-ray. We are usually looking at the affects or images of evaporative water cooling like when drywall is wet and conductive thermal transfer like when insulation is missing.

With our knowledge of building characteristics, construction materials and thermal transfer, we interpret these temperature patterns to produce a building performance diagnostic inspection report. The camera makes for a faster, more accurate damage assessment.Things that inhibit or obscure this process are items with a low emissivity, products like shiny wallpaper, cove molding, glass, metal and tile which reflect like a mirror. When conditions are right, finding moisture intrusion in a home is like shooting fish in a barrel. The best times for camera use are when temperatures are changing rapidly or things are in a steady state like the missing insulation in the middle of the afternoon or the water intrusion came from the rain the night before or when exterior ambient temperature is extreme and our HVAC system is operating just the opposite, it makes it easier to see heat loss/gain around windows and doors.

First thing in the morning as the sun rises and warms the surface of walls/windows or later in the afternoon when the sun goes down and surfaces start to cool are great times to find things more subtle or in a transient state. The larger the thermal mass the slower the temperature change compared to other materials around it. Solid concrete downpours, for instance, are very easy to see in a block wall.Night vision goggles and video cameras with "nightshot" are not the same. Night vision simply amplifies a small amount of light. Infrared wavelengths we are concerned with do not pass through glass and those products do not have the processors to convert IR to visible light images. Sintered Sprocket Metal Parts What else is it good for you ask? It is excellent for identifying HVAC leaks or insulation anomalies inside and outside the home. Loose electrical connections, overheated electrical components, energy efficiency issues, plumbing issues and even crazy stuff like freezer door heat strips at 133F! Moisture intrusion detection however, is our primary focus.

For flat roofs, moisture entrapment can be isolated for repairs. In an EIFS home, moisture intrusion around building envelope penetrations. We have even found a sub slab plumbing leak and many window and roof leaks. We have even located multiple upstairs shower pan leaks from underneath! Often times we find more than we bargained for. One particular house we were called on to find the source of A leak. We found seven. Five of them were unrelated to the issue that generated the call! THIS IS THE FUTURE OF BUILDING INSPECTIONS. If we all stick together, nobody gets burned! Check out images of some of the wild things we have found with the cameras that nobody else could find by clicking on the infrared camera link on our web site, you'll love it!

After painting your nails, avoid doing things with your hands while they dry. Acetone nail polish removers take off the nail polish quickly but can dehydrate your cuticles. Cotton towels may leave behind fuzzies that will show up in the nail polish. French Manicure Step 1: Remove old polish Using a cotton ball and nail polish remover remove all traces of existing nail polish. Apply a thin, not thick coat. You might want to use Acetone nail polish removers if you are trying to remove bold, deep or bright shades of nail polish. Starting from the back of the nail and going to the center, make long, sweeping strokes. Repeat on the other hand. A top coat gives nails an added extra shine and looks more professional.only file in one direction.The French Manicure is a natural, yet very stylish look, suitable for all occasions - day and night, and casual through to dressy. There are 2 main types of nail polish remover to choose from.

Rest your hand on a firm surface so your nails remain steady while being polished. French Manicure Step 7: Apply the neutral nail polishApply the neutral nail polish (pink or beige) over entire nail, this seals the whitened tip and completes the look.French Manicure Tip: A French Manicure is best performed on a lazy morning or evening when no other pressing errands or jobs will get in the way.. To complete your French Manicure you will need: white French Manicure nail polish, neutral (pink or beige) coloured French Manicure Nail Polish and French Manicure guide strips. Once the tips are dry remove all the guides. Dry your hands when done, using a paper towel, not a cotton towel. You'll weaken the nails if you saw back and forth. Before applying the nail polish roll the bottle of nail polish, never shake it.French Manicure Step 3: Soak your handsFill a large bowl with soapy water and dunk your hands in it for several minutes. Apply top coat every few days for extra protection and shine. Dip the cotton bud in nail polish remover and gently rub around the nail to clean up any unwanted nail polish. When you take time between coats it will give your nails a more even finish.Now you nails have been prepared you are ready to apply your French Manicure.French Manicure tip: Use guide strips, they make the French Manicure process so much easier.A second coat of white nail polish may be desirable, depending on the thickness and opaqueness of the nail polish. The guide strip will allow you to paint an even white tip with ease and precision.French Manicure Step 10: Touch ups Almost everyone gets some nail polish on their fingers instead of their nails.

Apply the white nail polish to the nail tips extending the brush stroke from the top of the guide to the end of the nail. Your nail secretes oil; base coat also helps the nail polish to adhere to your nail better. Allow the nail polish to dry completely between coats. Start with the pinky of one hand and work your way to the index finger.French Manicure Step 4: Fix up your cuticlesUse a cuticle pusher to push back your cuticles. The first stroke should start from the center of your nail's base and be taken out to the tip. Press the French Manicure guide strips down firmly to smooth out any ripples. Do your thumbs last; they're more instrumental than your other fingers in giving yourself a manicure. French Manicure Tip: The key to all manicures is to wait for each coat to dry thoroughly before applying the next coat otherwise you are sure to end up with smudges. Again apply the nail polish thinly to prevent smudging. With a classic French Manicure you can be confident your beautiful white tipped nails will complement your outfit and the setting.French Manicure Step 8: Apply a second coat of neutral nail polishAfter you are sure the first coat is dry repeat step 7. A thick coat will just cause nail polish to smudge or take an extremely long time to dry. Allow the white polish to dry completely. Then use the pointy end to remove any remaining dirt from under your nails. French Manicures are really not that difficult - our simple step by step French Manicure guide shows you how.

French Manicure Step 6: Apply the white tip Peel off a French Manicure guide strip and apply it below the tip of the nail, following its natural curve. Be careful not to get any nail polish remover on the white tips. To apply the nail polish place the brush an eighth of an inch away from the cuticle - gentle pressure on the bristles will distribute the nail polish outward without bleeding over your cuticle. Dissolve any leftover adhesive by rubbing it gently with a cotton bud dipped in nail polish remover. Instead of white and neutral polishes you could try red with gold tips or white with silver tips or any combination you like. To make purchasing the nail polishes and guides simple consider a French Manicure kit that offers everything in one convenient box. Non-acetone nail polish removers take longer to remove nail polish but China Custom Disc hub core Powder Metal Parts Factory do not dry out the nail and cuticle. This will ensure your white tip is not too thick at the edges which can make French Manicures look unnatural. The extra polish can be easily cleaned up once dry.You should also have handy your normal nail polish base coat and top coatFrench Manicure Step 5: Apply a Base CoatBase coat helps prevent nails from staining, strengthens the nails and also allows for a smoother application of nail polish. Then make two more even strokes. French Manicure Tip: Actually try to get a little of the white nail polish on your skin. Remember, if you have artificial nails, you should only use non-acetone nail polish remover. One on each side. Avoid metal files; they are brutal on your nails. Make sure the clear base coat is COMPLETELY dry before applying nail polish. Shaking causes air bubbles to form that will stand out when you apply the nail polish. This helps to soften your cuticles and clean the nails. Before you apply the top coat, touch your nails and make sure they are completely dry. French Manicure Step 2: File your nails Rule #1.French Manicure Step 9: Apply a top coatThe top coat is what protects your nail polish. Apply the nail polish thinly to prevent smudging then wait five minutes for this coat to dry. Enjoy your stylish French Manicure... A top coat will also help to prevent nail polish chipping and help your nail polish to last much longer. 

I try to be open to possibilites for other gadgets and gizmos that would be of value. Small and valued objects can be placed there to be displayed and admired.leisureideas.Save boxes from muffin mix, artificial sweetener, rice or other often used food items. You can use paper clips to hold the edges of the boxes together where gaps occur. After many hours of keying, day after day, my hands and fingers tell me (as in pain) that they're pushing too hard, too many times.If you often find it annoying to remove boots as you enter the house, this project is for you.The bootjack makes the task easier especially if the boots are tight fitting or you are carrying something so that your hands are not free. Then use a nail to punch holes for a string that will go around the group of boxes. Put the heel of the other foot in the notch and pull your foot out of the boot. I've made all kinds of things. If you use boxes with other ratios of width to height, use a different arrangement or use pieces of corrigated cardboard to fill any gaps between boxes.

The colony's queen had not survived being exposed to the weather, so I knew no new bees would be reared. Use nails to attach a small piece of wood to keep the notched end raised above the floor. This colony would only last as long as the lifespans of its currant members. Begin with a 3/4 inch thick board that is about 2 feet long and 6 inches wide. Hang the box display from a small nail. I find it very rewarding to conjure up designs out of my imagination and then build them using common tools and cheap or free materials.When you have enough, cut each box to an appropriate size. To help keep the glue from running down the side of the boxes, use a method similar to that used by bricklayers applying mortar to bricks.Below is a description of a couple of items you may like to make. Cut a V shaped notch in one end. One cold day in March, I discovered an abandoned hive that had fallen over exposing the bees to the elements.It's fun and satisfying to design and then make simple items that serve some purpose. Pennies could be put in the tube. You can use white glue to fasten the boxes together. Trying to judge the force by typing a little with each keyboard wasn't separating the Tylenol endorsed keyboards from the more finger friendly keyboards. After going from store to store looking for a keyboard with easy to press keys, I realized that I needed something to measure the force needed to press the keys on a particular keyboard.

Then there was the see through, wall hung beehive that I put on my bedroom wall.But it was interesting to watch the bees doing what bees do throughout the next several months. I just saw the possibility of what could be done and wanted to do it. My father used to keep bees to harvest honey. I started with boxes 4-inches wide, 2-inches deep, and 6-inches tall.pngAs you assemble the boxes together, use a straight edge such as a wall or a large box as a guide to align the boxes in straight rows. Bricks or large books work well. A good glue pattern is shown by the red lines below.pngWhen all the boxes are in place, let the glue dry for about 12 hours. The plastic will keep excess glue from sticking to your work surface. Tie the two ends of the string together. Set something heavy against the boxes to hold them together while the glue dries. Most of them performed some function that no readily available, store-bought device offered. The item may suit your needs better than a purchased item because you make it the way you want it. And the bragging rights for having a bee colony on ones bedroom wall was something to envy.I do a lot of text keying at a computer keyboard.Use the plastic sheeting to keep oozing glue from sticking the boxes to the books or bricks. So I rigged up a plastic tube taped to a vertical wire a few inches long.leisureideas.Lay a piece of plastic sheeting such as a plastic grocery bag on a flat surface.

There was only several hundred bees left out of what was once thousands.leisureideas. That way, while applying glue, you can turn the box in any way that makes it easy to apply the glue. The lower end of the wire is rested on a key. And it feels good to prove that your ingenuity and imagination can produce things of value. I cut each box to half height, so that each box was 3-inches tall. A tunnel made of metal window screening provided a path for the bees to come and go under a slightly raised window. And the glue will quickly be between two surfaces. Keep the bootjack near the door where you most often enter wearing boots. Then I carefully transported the faltering bee colony to their new home.Both the keyboard force-o-meter and the wall-mounted beehive were inspired by circumstances. I put a sheet of glass, about 2-foot by 2-foot, onto a wooden frame that I attached to my bedroom wall. The number of pennies needed to push a key down is a measure of the key's required press force. Before putting a box into position, put glue on each side of that box that will be against a box already in place.com/makegizmos/graphics/c13b. Put one foot on the jack to hold it in place. It is well worth the effort: It is fun to make improvised gizmos, and you get a valued item.Wall display cubby box:Small cardboard boxes can be China Custom MIM products Powder Metal Parts for sale fastened together and hung on the wall. That helps keep the glue in place

During their discussions, Davis suggested they try a sewing machine instead. He came up with the idea of using two threads and a shuttle -- the same idea Hunt had used ten years earlier. Still, the idea of two threads and a shuttle was also an essential component of a usable sewing machine.. This machine was not labor or time-saving, though, and was thus not a practical solution as a "machine that can be used for sewing". The apprentice's name was Elias Howe.Technically, Thimonnier invented the first machine that could be used to really accomplish some sewing.In 1834, the sewing machine was invented again in New York by Walter Hunt. By 1849, he was basically broke.. The machines could sew about 100 stitches a minute by that time.Sorry . His wife died (and he had to borrow the money to reach her bedside before she died).The courts agreed.Another machine was invented in Paris in 1804 by Thomas Stone and John Henderson -- it involved a pair of pincers on either side of a piece of material. Without selling a single machine of his own design, Howe became rich. Because of this, Howe's machine could not be considered a serious solution to the sewing problem and was therefore not a true and practical "sewing machine".

They uncovered Walter Hunt's earlier work and tried to find some proof that was presentable in court in order to break Howe's patent.Not long after, in 1839, a Bostonian machine shop owner named Ari Davis was approached by two men who wanted to build a knitting machine.Unfortunately, "Scientific American" were the only ones impressed. He finally gave up and died a poor man in 1857. He used a shuttle to push the lower thread through the loop caused by the needle pushing through the fabric.He held a patent on this method (even though Hunt had invented it first a decade earlier) Howe then embraced that great American business plan, "Those who can, do -- those who can't, sue!"Howe began a vigorous legal campaign against all sewing machine manufacturers. Thimonnier tried at least twice more to introduce his machines (now improved to 300 stitches a minute), but similar bad luck dogged him. This one actually worked -- although it was a huge device set in a frame similar to a wooden loom..In 1850 a familiar name entered the sewing machine world -- Isaac Singer. Howe continued to develop his machine; by 1845 he had completed a machine that was able to perform all the stitchwork to assemble two suits of woolen clothes.The journal, "Scientific American" was impressed as they praised Howe's "extraordinary invention". It's interesting to note that it was impossible to build a practical sewing machine solely by using Howe's patents. Elias Howe did not invent the first sewing machine.Howe began trying to develop a sewing machine on his own.Unfortunately, for him, the social structure of the time was not ready to accept this type of technilogical advance. His machine did not have a presser foot; in order to sew fabric, the pieces had to be matched inside a metal frame. He didn't even invent the first sewing device. Howe spent three years trying to drum up interest in both American and England. Perhaps Hunt would have received similar praise had he bothered to patent his device more than ten years earlier. It's doubtful whether or not Saint ever really built his machine, though.

Technically, his machine did embroidery, but it was the first to recognize that an eye-pointed needle did not need to pass entirely through a garment. What he did do was be the first to patent a component that was used by the real inventor of the first workable, usable, and marketable sewing machine, Isaac Singer. This frame was then attached to the machine and guided the stitching. The pincers would grab a needle as it passed through the material. He attended her funeral in a borrowed suit; he then heard that the ship containing all his household goods was wrecked and all his goods were lost. He took no further interest in his sewing machine.It was able to sew a straight chainstitch and was about as fast as a hand sewer. This machine was no faster than hand-sewing and was not accepted as a solution, either. Once you reached the end of the frame, it had to be removed and the fabric reset. Fearful for their jobs, mobs of journeyman tailors rushed his shop and destroyed his machines. This meant that A) no continuous stitching was possible, and B) you could only stitch in straight lines, you could not follow a curve. Hunt was also a Quaker; when his daughter suggested his machine would do harm to seamstresses who might be put out of work, Hunt seemed to agree.However, Elias Howe was not quite finished. By 1831, Thimonnier had about 80 seamstresses in his tailoring shop using his machines to sew uniforms for the French army.So -- it's apparent that Elias Howe did not invent the first sewing machine.In 1830, Frenchman Barthelemy Thimonnier patented the next sewing machine. the history books aren't quite right. Hunt's machine was a major improvement over previous one's. In 1846 Howe received a patent on his device.

Actually, Howe's machine failed for a good reason, it was not quite a practical solution.In 1790, Englishman Thomas Saint patented a machine that had many of the features of a real sewing machine: an overhanging arm, a straight, perpendicular needle, a horizontal cloth table, and needle fed from a spool.The noteworthy part of this Boston venture was that Davis had an apprentice who took an interest in this matter. It took many patented items (they soon ranged into the 100's) in order to construct a workable sewing machine.Although Hunt was first, it was impossible to prove in court and Howe's suit held up. He did this by using two thread spools: one above, one below. He noticed that all sewing machines used two threads and a shuttle. A version made in 1873 from his original patent plans did not work. Instead of stitching the easily unraveled chainstitch like all previous machines, Hunt's could produce a lockstitch. Unfortunately, when Hunt lost interest in his device, he neglected to keep any of the devices he had already constructed or notes of their workings. In fact, if you define sewing machine as "a machine that can sew items in a practical and usable manner", then he didn't invent a sewing machine at all!Actually, the first sewing machine patent was received in 1755 by Charles Weisenthal in London. The men figured such a machine would be a financial bonanza and Davis attempted -- and failed -- to create such a machine. Discouraged, He gave up his China Custom MIM products Powder Metal Parts for sale sewing machine quest and took a machine shop job for a weekly wage. This same principle has since been used by all successful sewing machines. I think that Singer should be considered the inventor of the first practical sewing machine -- it could stitch continuous lines, it could stitch around curves, it used a pressor foot, and it was a marketable solution available for a reasonable price. Howe soon received royalties of up to $25 per every sewing machine sold.

Do you like barbecues? How about clambakes? Well, the next time you attend one, thank the Indians! Native Americans invented them, along with chewing gum, ponchos, chocolate, snowshoes, parkas, and moccasins.WampumThe Indian money was called wampum and consisted of strings of beads made from the shells of clams and other shellfish."This poem was written by Helen H.Happy Thanksgiving!!. How much is your wampum worth? Open a little store and use your wampum for money! If you can find seashells with small holes for stringing, try using them instead of macaroni. An angry-looking bear, for instance, could symbolize a warlike relative; while a deer might symbolize a gentle one. Discuss its meaning and make a collage of fresh water vs polluted water and the effects of each, as well as clean air vs smog and the effects of each. Put some birdseed in each hollow end of the gourd and watch the birds eat!Learn the names of birds in your area and keep a record of the kinds of birds that come to your feeder. Moore and reflects a basic belief of the Indians.

Create a circle about 30' in diameter and make a horizontal starting line inside toward the edge. The winner of each round chooses a new opponent from the rest of the children. Here are directions for you to make a bird feeder.. Using a long piece of thin wire, thread one of the halves and wrap a loose end around an ear of Indian corn at the husk near the top of the ear. Wrap a paper around each can and tape the edges together. Put two different-colored beanbags behind the starting line and choose two children to be the first players; other children should be forming a ring around the circle. Find out which live in your region and take a field trip to learn more about them.For variation, try stringing the macaroni in various patterns and assigning different numbers to the purple and white. Place each can down with the open side up and decorate with eyes, ears, noses, teeth, and other 3-dimensional features.Bird FeederAfter a good harvest, Native Americans made an offering of three ears of Indian corn tied to a gourd filled with corn kernels; this was hung outside their teepee in order to feed the birds.using the Cree Indian letters for T and F!

The T looks like a lowercase b with more of a heart-shaped right side than a circle; and the F looks like an inverted capital V with a vertical side on the right rather than a diagonal. Put one can on top of another, taping them together as you go. The Mohawk chief, Hiawatha, helped found it in 1570 to unite the separate tribes, or nations, in war and peace. Strain the macaroni and let it dry on paper towels during the night."We sometimes think it does, but weBelong to earth, instead. Use fabric, buttons, sticks. Decorate the top of your totem pole!There are many Native American tribes in our country today.Mohawk chief Hiawatha helped start the Five Nations.The League told all its members how to conduct their business. The longer end of wire should still be through the other hole so you can add another ear of Indian corn, then the other half of the gourd, and end with another ear of Indian corn. Finally, tie the loose ends together to form a loop and hang your bird feeder outside. The Five Nations was one of the first governments in America. Here is how to make your own wampum.I hope these ideas are useful and have inspired your own creative thinking. Beanbag BuntMany games that were played by Native American children when the Pilgrims landed are still played to this day.

In order to win, the other player must successfully complete his trip around the circle.Cut a gourd in half vertically, scoop out the insides, and use a skewer or metal dowel to poke two holes about 1" from the top through both sides of each half of the gourd.Measure various colors of construction paper, exactly, to fit 6-8 1-lb cans, such as coffee cans.Put half of a small box of macaroni into a bowl and cover it with purple paint, letting it soak for two hours. Laying the papers flat, use crayons, markers, or paint to draw a different face or design on each. Tie the ends of the string together for a necklace or a bracelet. At last, create your wampum by stringing purple and white macaroni. Here is a variation of a game played by the Zuni Indians of the Southwest. Should there be a tie, or both players miss, they play another round. When their affairs affected another tribe, however, the League Council stepped in.Decide the order in which the cans will be stacked; then add sand to the bottom one China Custom MIM products Powder Metal Parts Factory to prevent the totem pole from tipping over.any odds and ends you have.League of the IroquoisOne of the first governments in America was the Five Nations, or the League of the Iroquois.As many children learn about Native American culture during November, here are some activities and information about our first citizens.. Do research to find out what else our first citizens invented!Chief Seattle's LessonSeattle was a teacherWho taught us how to careFor all the living things on earth, Fresh water, and clean air. The object of this game is to be the first to kick your beanbag around the inside of the circle without crossing its border. On a map, pinpoint where each tribe lives. Purple was worth more than white. If a player misses, he must step outside the circle.